Can research be done without formulating a hypothesis

Can research be done without formulating a hypothesis

1. Can research be done without formulating a hypothesis? What is the importance of the null hypothesis?

2. When is a hypothesis rejected? When it isn’t rejected? What are its limitations?

3. What is the difference between level of significance and level of confidence? How are the two related to type I and type II errors used in hypothesis testing? Explain using a specific example.

4. What is z-test? What is t-test? When should we use t-test, not z-test for population means? Would the results be significantly different?

5. Explain the difference between a left-tailed, right-tailed and two-tailed test. Give you own examples.

6. When would you choose a two-tailed test? How might you tell the direction of the test by looking at a pair of hypothesis? How might you tell which direction (or no direction) to make the hypothesis by looking at the problem statement (research question)?

7. What is the differences between a dependent (paired) test and an independent two- samples independent test? What are the requirements needed for each test. Provide examples.

8. Under what circumstances must a nonparametric test be used? Explain. What are the strengths and weaknesses of nonparametric tests? Can the outcomes of nonparametric tests be generalized to populations?